弗朗茨·馮·帕彭
魏瑪德國總理
生平
纂少家優渥,父曰弗里德里希·馮·帕彭,勳貴也。帕彭及長,乃從戎,授帝國駐美利堅大使館武官。歐戰起,遷中東戰區參謀[一][二]。一九一八年,帕彭以中校退役,入天主教中央黨,俄而授普魯士邦議員。一九三二年六月,布呂寧內閣辭,總統興登堡命帕彭組閣,授總理。
當此時,納粹黨勢日熾,黨人奉希特勒為元首,俱有逐鹿天下之志,乃組織衝鋒隊、蓋世太保等,充之為爪牙。七月,納粹黨取二百席次,遂握議會權柄。帕彭欲羈縻其魁希氏,以副揆許之,未果,帕彭益孤。十一月,帕彭致政,興登堡旋授國防部長施萊謝爾繼之。帕彭以施氏險譎,謀揆席,益惡之。每詣總統,乃數譖施氏失政,且陰合納粹,擁立希氏為總理[三]。一九三三年一月,希氏柄政,帕彭亦以副揆參預政事。帕彭性狡黠,素以多智自居,及入閣,虛驕尤甚。三月,希氏以「國會縱火案」上表議院,請授權便宜行事,允之。《授權法》既立,由是軍國政務,悉由希氏處分,帕彭但唯唯畫諾矣[四][五]。
一九三四年六月,希氏以或告衝鋒隊謀反,遂命盡誅之;又遣蓋世太保逮問異己,施氏等俱連坐死。帕彭雖僅以身免,而側近心腹皆逮下獄[六]。八月,興登堡歿,希氏准帕彭疏辭,授駐奧地利公使。一九三九年,遷駐土耳其公使[七]。納粹亡,美、英、蘇盟軍以帕彭附逆,命法庭訴之。未幾,法庭以無罪而釋。西德立,帕彭乃徙本岑霍芬堡,寄情於著書,不復參政[八]。一九六九年五月二日,帕彭卒於薩斯巴赫,年八十九。
引據
纂- ↑ Rolfs 1995, p. 26.
- ↑ Ihrig·Stefan Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismark to Hitler :第三百五十二頁; Harvard University Press,二千一十六年
- ↑ Beck·Hermann The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933 :第八十一頁; Berghahn Books,二千一十三年
- ↑ Adolf Hitler "Wait Calmly"
- ↑ Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler with his Cabinet (January 30, 1933)
- ↑ Read 2004, pp. 369–370.
- ↑ Watt 1989, p. 280.
- ↑ Franz von Papen, Memoirs, pp. 586–587.
- Fest, Joachim C. and Bullock, Michael (trans.) "Franz von Papen and the Conservative Collaboration" in The Face of the Third Reich New York: Penguin, 1979 (orig. published in German in 1963), pp. 229–246. ISBN 978-0201407143
- Weinberg·Gerhard Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II ; New York:Enigma Books
- Weinberg·Gerhard Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History ; New York & Cambridge:Cambridge University Press