「使用者:丁子君/14」：各本之異

'''啟蒙'''，又名'''啟蒙世'''、'''理道世'''，謂十七世紀至十九世紀，[[歐洲]]學士[[哲學|哲人]]，治學、格物之變也。<ref>{{cite web |url = http://publishinghau5.com/The-Age-of-Enlightenment--A-History-From-Beginning-to-End-page-3.php |title = The Age of Enlightenment: A History From Beginning to End: Chapter 3|website = publishinghau5.com |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123359/http://publishinghau5.com/The-Age-of-Enlightenment--A-History-From-Beginning-to-End-page-3.php |archive-date=3 March 2017 }}</ref>其變出於先世之[[文藝復興人道主義]]。學林著作，或以[[牛頓]]氏《[[自然哲學之數學原理]]》{{按|一六八七年著}}為先。法國史家，習以一七一五年至一七八九年為啟蒙世，開於[[路易十四]]崩，而止於[[法國大革命]]，[[舊制]]崩毀焉。寰宇諸學者，多以十九世紀初為其終。時學士哲人，多聚於[[格物院|格物學院]]、[[共濟會分會|共濟諸會]]、[[紗籠|文章議廳]]、[[咖啡廳|咖啡飲店]]，刊梓[[書|書籍]]、[[學報]]、[[小書]]，以匯論所思。啟蒙所得，輕君主、教會，而開十八、十九世紀政治革命之先河。後十九世紀潮流，如[[自由主義]]、[[新古典主義|復古主義]]者，多溯其學於啟蒙。<ref>Eugen Weber, ''Movements, Currents, Trends: Aspects of European Thought in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries'' (1992).</ref>啟蒙之顯學，以[[理性|理道]][[主權|治世]]，以[[經驗主義|見聞]]立[[知]]，尚[[自由]]、[[進步]]、[[寬容]]、[[博愛]]，籲[[憲法|立憲制]]、[[政教分離|別政教]]。<ref>{{citation|last=Outram|first=Dorinda|title=Panorama of the Enlightenment|publisher=Getty Publications|year=2006|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A84nA7Ae3t0C&lpg=PA1&dq=%22Panorama%20of%20the%20Enlightenment%22&pg=PA29|isbn=978-0892368617}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Milan|last=Zafirovski|title=The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society|year=2010|page=144}}</ref>法國哲人於是尚[[公民自由|一己之自由]]、[[宗教寬容|宗教之相容]]，非[[君主專制]]、[[天主教會|教會]]規條。其時，[[科學方法|格致之法]]、[[還原論|化約之論]]，尤為學人所重；宗教正統，愈為所輕，[[康德|伊曼紐爾康德]]作《[[答何謂啟蒙]]》即論之，「[[敢知]]」一語出焉。<ref>{{citation|author=Gay, Peter|title=The Enlightenment: An Interpretation|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=1996|isbn=0-393-00870-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/enlightenmentint02gayp}}</ref>

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