「元素週期表」:各本之異

[初定本][初定本]
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Mr.Yim
無編輯摘要
阿拉伯數字 非呈纂
Mr.Yim
無編輯摘要
阿拉伯數字 非呈纂
第五行:
 
今覓有原行序一(氫)至一百一十八(鿫),首七週期俱全<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35220823|title=Chemistry: Four elements added to periodic table|date=2016-01-04|work=BBC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104125144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35220823|archivedate=2016-01-04|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/science/periodic-table-new-elements.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fscience&action=click&contentCollection=science&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=sectionfront|title=Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements|date=2016-12-01|last=St. Fleur|first=Nicholas|work=New York Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814221055/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/science/periodic-table-new-elements.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fscience&action=click&contentCollection=science&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=sectionfront|archivedate=2017-08-14|deadurl=no}}</ref>。自然所得,有元素前九十八類,亦有幾稀之屬;餘者{{按|序九十九至一百一十八}}皆實驗室所製{{noteTag|有元素若干,乃是先製而又有覓於自然者。玆列於此: 鎝/鍀(四十三)、鉕(六十一)、砹(八十五)、錼/鎿(九十三)、鈽/鈈(九十四)、鋂/鎇(九十五)、鋦(九十六)、鉳/錇(九十七)、鉲/鐦(九十八)。|group=注}}。將有第八週期元素始製,多有究察。又,有[[放射同位素]],多合成於實驗室矣。
 
==概==
元素者,各賦以[[原子序|序]],示[[質子]]之數。{{noteTag|又有列中子為零號元素者。}}夫同種元素,其[[中子]]之數亦可異,曰[[同位素]]。碳者常存同位素有三,質子有六,而中子數異:六中子者盈(碳十二),七中子者百中有一(碳十三),而八中子者稀(碳十四)。週期表內,置於一格,不以區分。是表常列原子量,而同位素皆燥者,則以至久[[半衰期|半化]]者,又以弧括示之。<ref name="Greenwood">Greenwood & Earnshaw, pp. 24–27</ref>
 
周期表內之元素者,增序而列之。若有電子置乎新[[電子層|殼層]]者,表列新行,為次週期矣。至於縱列(族),[[電子排布|電子構型]]所定。乎同族之元素,電子之數同侔。[[氧]][[硒]]同族,皆有四電子於p軌也。同族者,化性亦類乎,而f區、d區者,各區元素亦類性也。故若知某素之性,則亦可估旁者也。<ref>Gray, p. 6</ref>
 
迨二零一六年,列有實存元素一百一十八。新覓者四,有一百一十三、一百一十五、一百一十七、一百一十八,二零一五年十二月,國際純粹與應用化學聯合會有証合成,二零一六年六月定其名(又定為官名於十一月),至於大陸,定漢名於丁酉年五月,曰鉨{{按|nihonium,符Nh}}、曰鏌{{按|moscovium,符Mc}}、曰鿬{{按|書如“石田”,tennessine,符Ts}}、曰鿫{{按|從“氣”旁“奧”,oganesson,符Og}}。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/08/health/periodic-table-new-elements-names/index.html|title=New elements on the periodic table are named|last=CNN|first=Ashley Strickland|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610215843/http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/08/health/periodic-table-new-elements-names/index.html|archivedate=2016-06-10|website=CNN|access-date=2016-06-11|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://iupac.org/discovery-and-assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers-113-115-117-and-118/|title=Discovery and assignment of elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118|date=2015-12-30|publisher=[[國際純化學和應用化學聯合會]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613223413/http://iupac.org/discovery-and-assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers-113-115-117-and-118/|archivedate=2016-06-13|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/09/481410462/hello-nihonium-scientists-name-4-new-elements-on-the-periodic-table|title=Hello, Nihonium. Scientists Name 4 New Elements On The Periodic Table|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610204247/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/09/481410462/hello-nihonium-scientists-name-4-new-elements-on-the-periodic-table|archivedate=2016-06-10|website=NPR.org|access-date=2016-06-11|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Naming of New Elements (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)|url=http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0787.pdf|last=Koppenol|first=W. H.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|issue=5|doi=10.1351/pac200274050787|year=2002|volume=74|pages=787–791|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031144607/http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0787.pdf|archivedate=2008-10-31|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
自存於世者有前九十四元素,所餘廿四元素,皆為所製。自存者有八十三性穩而自有,所剩十一類獨顯乎衰變之進程也。砹(號八十五)、甚重於鎄者(九十九爾後者)未能製眾,而鈁者(號八十七)僅錄乎光輻射於塵量下(僅有原子三十萬)。<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements|last=Silva|first=Robert J.|publisher=[[施普林格科學+商業媒體]]|year=2006|isbn=1-4020-3555-1|editor1-first=L. R.|editor2-last=Edelstein|editor2-first=N. M.|editor3-last=Fuger|editor3-first=J.|edition=3rd|location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|chapter=Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium and Lawrencium|ref=CITEREFHaire2006|editor1-last=Morss}}</ref>
 
==列規==