「錒」:各本之異

[初定本][初定本]
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Itsmine
無編輯摘要
Itsmine
無編輯摘要
第一行:
[[File:Actinium.jpg|thumb|right|錒之貌]]
'''錒'''者,[[化學]][[化學元素|元素]]也。符號Ac,原子序八十九,色銀白、有暗藍光<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/actinium.html |title=C&EN: It's Elemental: The Periodic Table - Actinium |author=Wall, Greg |date=2003-09-08 |work=C&EN: It's Elemental: The Periodic Table |publisher=Chemical and Engineering News |accessdate=2013-12-16}}</ref>,屬錒系,遇氧、水漸啞,具放射性,中子射鐳——二二六可得錒,藏於[[鈾]]礦石中,歷二十壹年[[半化]]。一八九九年,法國人安德烈-路易·德貝爾恩得錒,名之{{按|actinium}}。<ref>{{cite book|title=Sur un nouvelle matière radio-active|first=André-Louis|last=Debierne|web=Comptes rendus|volume=129|pages=593–595|year=1899|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3085b/f593.table|accessdate=2013-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sur un nouvelle matière radio-actif – l'actinium|first=André-Louis|last=Debierne|web=Comptes rendus|volume=130|pages=906–908|year=1900–1901|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3086n/f906.table|accessdate=2013-12-16}}</ref>一九〇二年德國人弗裡德裏希·奧斯卡·吉塞爾名之{{按|emanium}}。<ref>{{cite book|title=Ueber Radium und radioactive Stoffe|first=Friedrich Oskar|last=Giesel|web=Berichte der Deutschen Chemische Geselschaft|volume=35|issue=3|pages=3608–3611|year=1902|doi=10.1002/cber.190203503187}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ueber den Emanationskörper (Emanium)|first=Friedrich Oskar|last=Giesel|web=Berichte der Deutschen Chemische Geselschaft|volume=37|issue=2|pages=1696–1699|year=1904|doi=10.1002/cber.19040370280}}</ref>後人正名之{{按|actinium}}。<ref>{{cite book|title=Ueber Emanium|first=Friedrich Oskar|last=Giesel|web=Berichte der Deutschen Chemische Geselschaft|volume=37|issue=2|pages=1696–1699|year=1904|doi=10.1002/cber.19040370280}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ueber Emanium|first=Friedrich Oskar|last=Giesel|web=Berichte der Deutschen Chemische Geselschaft|volume=38|issue=1|pages=775–778|year=1905|doi=10.1002/cber.190503801130}}</ref>化合物稀,有三氟化錒(AcF<sub>3</sub>)、三氯化錒(AcCl<sub>3</sub>)、三臭化錒(AcBr<sub>3</sub>)、氟氧化錒(AcOF)、氯氧化錒(AcOCl)、臭氧化錒(AcOBr)、三硫化二錒(Ac<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>)、氧化錒(Ac<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)和磷酸錒(AcPO<sub>4</sub>)之類。有同位素三十六,皆具放射性。<ref name="nubas">{{cite book|last=Audi|first=Georges|title=The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties|web=Nuclear Physics A|volume=729|pages=3–128|publisher=Atomic Mass Data Center|year=2003|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001|bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A|last2=Bersillon|first2=O.|last3=Blachot|first3=J.|last4=Wapstra|first4=A.H.}}</ref>
'''錒''',[[化學元素]]也,[[化學符號|符號]]為Ac,[[原子序]]八十九。屬[[稀土金屬]]、亦有歸[[過渡金屬]]。自錒迄[[鐒]],凡元素十五,俱稱[[錒系元素|錒系]],蓋性相近故也。
 
一八九九年,錒始得。諸[[放射元素]]中,後天地之形而有者,謂非原始核素。錒之取,實諸非原始核素之先也。[[釙]]、[[鐳]]、[[氡]]三者,雖亦其屬,先知於錒,取惟後矣。
[[檔案:Uraninite-39029.jpg|縮圖|236x236像素|瀝青鈾礦有微錒]]
 
性柔軟,色銀白。存乎濕氣,則合氧、水而成白氧化錒鍍層,覆於其面,阻其氧化。一如諸[[鑭系元素|鑭系]]、[[錒系元素|錒系]]元素,常見[[氧化態]]為正三,幾見諸各化合物。
== 應用 ==
因其強放射性,可用航天器、高效中子源,其活度高於[[鎇|鋂]]﹣鈹與鐳﹣鈹中子源。<ref name="b1">Russell, Alan M. and Lee, Kok Loong [http://books.google.com/books?id=fIu58uZTE-gC&pg=PA470 Structure-property relations in nonferrous metals], Wiley, 2005, [//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471649526 ISBN 978-0-471-64952-6], pp. 470–471</ref>
 
諸同位素,惟錒二二七、錒二二八見諸自然,皆易於衰變,前者歷二十一年餘半折,後者歷六小時餘半折。
醫學可造<sup>213</sup>[[鉍]],<ref name="sep">{{cite book|doi=10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.12.003|year=2005|volume=62|issue=5|pages=667–679|title=Production of actinium-225 for alpha particle mediated radioimmunotherapy|last=Bolla|first=Rose A.|web=Applied Radiation and Isotopes|pmid=15763472|last2=Malkemus|first2=D|last3=Mirzadeh|first3=S}}</ref>或作放療。然,其可累積骨肝中,留數十年。<ref>{{cite web|last1=McDevitt|first1=Michael R.|last2=Ma|first2=Dangshe|last3=Lai|first3=Lawrence T.|last4=Simon|first4=Jim|last5=Borchardt|first5=Paul|last6=Frank|first6=R. Keith|last7=Wu|first7=Karen|last8=Pellegrini|first8=Virginia|last9=Curcio|first9=Michael J.|last10=Miederer|first10=Matthias|last11=Bander|first11=Neil H.|last12=Scheinberg|first12=David A.|displayauthors=3|title=Tumor Therapy with Targeted Atomic Nanogenerators|year=2001|web=Science|volume=294|issue=5546|pages=1537–1540|doi=10.1126/science.1064126|bibcode=2001Sci...294.1537M|pmid=11711678|url=http://www.studybusiness.com/HTML/Bio/10021/10021-04-2003-BIO-04-E.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cancerres.aacrwebs.org/content/63/16/5084.full.pdf|title=Targeted Actinium-225 in Vivo Generators for Therapy of Ovarian Cancer|author=Borchardt, Paul E. et al.|web=Cancer Research|volume=63|issue=16|pages=5084–5090|year=2003|pmid=12941838}} {{cite web|url=http://cancerres.aacrwebs.org/content/63/16/5084.full.pdf|title=Targeted Actinium-225 in Vivo Generators for Therapy of Ovarian Cancer|author=Borchardt, Paul E. et al.|web=Cancer Research|volume=63|issue=16|pages=5084–5090|year=2003|pmid=12941838}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ballangrud, A. M. ''et al.''|title=Alpha-particle emitting atomic generator (Actinium-225)-labeled trastuzumab (herceptin) targeting of breast cancer spheroids: efficacy versus HER2/neu expression|web=Clinical cancer research : an official web of the American Association for Cancer Research|volume=10|issue=13|pages=4489–97|year=2004|pmid=15240541|doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0800}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ballangrud, A. M. ''et al.''|title=Alpha-particle emitting atomic generator (Actinium-225)-labeled trastuzumab (herceptin) targeting of breast cancer spheroids: efficacy versus HER2/neu expression|web=Clinical cancer research : an official web of the American Association for Cancer Research|volume=10|issue=13|pages=4489–97|year=2004|pmid=15240541|doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0800}}</ref>
 
錒出於[[鈾礦]]、[[釷礦]]之中,所佔極微。一噸天然鈾礦,僅得錒二二七約二百微克;一噸天然釷礦,僅得錒二二八約五納克。以錒、[[鑭]]性極相近故,實難於礦石析離二者。是以錒元素之獨取,非自礦石,而以中子擊鐳二二六而成。
{{Commons|actinium|錒}}
 
以其罕有、價昂、放射故,錒幾無用於工業。當世,主用諸放射標靶治療、中子源。
 
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*[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actinium&oldid=792898662 《英文維基》錒一文簡介段,引據悉從]
 
{{Commons|actiniumActinium|錒}}
{{元素週期表}}
[[分類Category:化學元素]]
== 考 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[分類:化學元素]]